HIS 334: Medieval European Civilizations

This research guide is for the history course, Medieval European Civilizations. Here, you should be able to find primary and secondary resources, some of which are sorted by the topical methodologies to which they relate. Your study habits do not need to be as dedicated as the schedule of a monk to be able to figure out how to use this resource to your advantage for your projects!

The Avalon Project is a collection of sources by Yale Law School with materials of history, law, and diplomacy.

CCEL includes classic works in Christianity in order to gather specific individual accounts of figures of Christian History.

EuroDocs is a collection of materials grouped by region; it may have various different time periods to peruse outside of just the Middle Ages. 

Eyewitness to History collects materials from eyewitness accounts of the lives of crusaders, monks, and many people.

Fordham University has a collection of medieval sources in their Internet Sourcebook.

Hanover Historical Texts Collection includes digital versions of historical texts for use in history and humanities courses.

JSTOR contains both primary and secondary sources that can help with your research projects.

The Met has several collections of medieval art to select pieces from to use as primary sources.

• Medieval Art & The Cloisters Collection
• Islamic Art Collection
• Arms & Armor Collection
• European Art Collection*

*Make sure to filter for the date range related to your project.

If you want to look outside of the resources provided for you, continue to examine the collections of museums and archives which are based in the areas of your study. Good luck!

From the Thrift Library homepage, navigate to the "Catalog" button and search your topic through this helpful resource!

This can help you search through Thrift Library's physical catalog, where you can find the material books upstairs in the library, or journal articles and e-books available online. 

Also on the Thrift Library homepage, the "Databases A-Z" button will help you navigate through academic papers. The "Group By" selection allows users to group by category, where there is a subject section for History resources. 

Some of the most helpful for this course include:

• Archives Unbound
• Book Review Index
• History Reference eBook Collection
• History Reference Source
• Jewish Studies Source
• World History
• World History in Context

It may not be something that you can put in a research project, but this playlist can definitely be helpful for the research process!

Turabian, Kate L., Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Ninth Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018.

LOC Call Number: LB2369 .T8 2018

Use the Turabian manual as a guide for Chicago/Turabian style.

Use the Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide as an online resource to develop notes and bibliography for your research.

The Turabian Quick Guide provides an online resource as a guide for using Chicago/Turabian style.

Thrift Library recommends using Zotero for reference management.

Once you save an article, book, webpage, etc. to Zotero it will generate citations in the style guide of your choice. It also does so much more! With Zotero, you can...

• Save PDFs and Snapshots of your sources to folders in your library
• Annotate PDFs (when you copy and paste text from an annotated file it will automatically add quotation marks and the author, date, and page number in a parenthetical citation.) 
• Search your entire library
• Generate bibliographies 

Zotero is a desktop app that also has a web library for when you need to access your library away from your primary computer. 

Zotero also offers browser connectors that enables users to save sources with a single click. 

More information about reference management as well as other available tools can be found in LibraryDIY under Citation Tools.

Zotero is a citation guide which you can use to map your research project resources.  Below is a step-by-step photo guide to using Zotero to create a bibliographical citation. However, you can also use the Zotero Connector browser extension, and Zotero will automatically generate the citation for you! Just be sure to check for any errors. 

McKitterick, Rosamond. Atlas of the Medieval World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Lansing, Carol, and Edward D. English. A Companion to the Medieval World. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Lambdin, Laura C. and Robert T. Lambdin. Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. London: Routledge, 2000. 

An anthology which provides a comprehensive understanding of the literature of 500-1500 CE. 

Anderson, and Dominic A. Bellenger. Medieval Worlds: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge, 2003.

 Horrox, Rosemary. The Black Death. New York: Manchester University Press, 1994.

 Alberth, John. The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005.

Hilton, R. H. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Rollo-Koster, Joelle, and Thomas Izbicki. A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). Boston: Brill, 2009.

 Brown, Peter. A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.

 Burne, Alfred H. The Crecy War: A Military History of the Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to the Peace of Bretigny in 1360. Croydon, England: Frontline Books, 2016.

 Bird, Jessalyn, Edward Peters, and James Powell. Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2013.

 Jotischky, Andrew. Crusading and the Crusader States. London: Routledge, 2013.

Staples, Kate Kelsey. Daughters of London: Inheriting Opportunity in the Late Middle Ages. Boston: Brill, 2011.

 Dass, Nirmal. The Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalem-Bound Pilgrims: The Earliest Chronicle of the First Crusade. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2011.

Oman, Charles. The Great Revolt of 1381. Ontario: Batoche, 2001.

 Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay. The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Vol. 1. 3 vols. Boston: Brill, 2005.

Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay. The Hundred Years War: Different Vistas. Vol. 2. 3 vols. Boston: Brill, 2008.

Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay. The Hundred Years War: Further Considerations. Vol. 3. 3 vols. Boston: Brill, 2013.

Utterback, Kristine T., and Merrall L. Price. Jews in Medieval Christendom : Slay Them Not. Boston: Brill, 2013. 

 Barber, Malcolm, and A. K. Bate. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settler in the 12th-13th Centuries. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Jansen, Katherine L., Joanna Drell, and Frances Andrews. Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Strocchia, Sharon T. Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 

 Jurasinski, Stefan. The Old English Penitentials and Anglo-Saxon Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Nicholson, Helen. On the Margins of Crusading: The Military Orders, the Papacy and the Christian World. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

 Ambühl, Rémy. Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War: Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

 Chareyron, Nicole. Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Bestful, Thomas. Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

Mitchell, Linda, Katherine French, Douglas Biggs, and Barbara Hanawalt. The Ties That Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.

Hicks, Michael. The Wars of the Roses. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

 Tschen-Emmons, James B. Artifacts From Medieval Europe. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2015. 

 Horrox, Rosemary. The Black Death. New York: Manchester University Press, 1994.

 Alberth, John. The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005.

Hilton, R. H. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Peters, Edward. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198-1229: Sources in Translation, Including “The Capture of Damietta” by Oliver of Paderborn. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2011.

​

Alberzoni, Maria Pia. Clare of Assisi and the Poor Sisters in the Thirteenth Century. New York: Franciscan Institute, St. Bonaventure University, 2004.

Sisson, Keith, and Atria Larson. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution. Boston: Brill, 2016.

​

Jotischky, Andrew. Crusading and the Crusader States. London: Routledge, 2013.

​

Staples, Kate Kelsey. Daughters of London: Inheriting Opportunity in the Late Middle Ages. Boston: Brill, 2011.

Migiel, Marilyn. The Ethical Dimension of the Decameron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.

​

Peters, Edward. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Material. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1998.

​

Oman, Charles. The Great Revolt of 1381. Ontario: Batoche, 2001.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. A History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

​

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

 Barber, Malcolm, and A. K. Bate. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settler in the 12th-13th Centuries. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Jansen, Katherine L., Joanna Drell, and Frances Andrews. Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Strocchia, Sharon T. Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 

Nicholson, Helen. On the Margins of Crusading: The Military Orders, the Papacy and the Christian World. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

​

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Migiel, Marilyn. A Rhetoric of the Decameron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

​

Hicks, Michael. The Wars of the Roses. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

 Craig, Taylor. Chivalry and the Ideals of Knighthood in France During the Hundred Years War. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Alberzoni, Maria Pia. Clare of Assisi and the Poor Sisters in the Thirteenth Century. New York: Franciscan Institute, St. Bonaventure University, 2004.

Ferzoco, George, Beverly Kienzle, and Debra Stoudt. A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Leiden: Brill, 2013.

Staples, Kate Kelsey. Daughters of London: Inheriting Opportunity in the Late Middle Ages. Boston: Brill, 2011.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Cooper, Austin. Julian of Norwich: Reflections on Selected Texts. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2002.

Bauerschmidt, Frederick C. Julian Norwich and the Mystical Body Politic of Christ. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

Turner, Denys. Julian of Norwich, Theologian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. 

 McNeill, John T., and Helena M. Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance: A Translation of the Principal Libri Poenitentiales and Selections from Related Documents. New York: Octagon Books, 1965.

 King’oo, Clare C. Miserere Mei: The Penitential Psalms in Late Medieval and Early Modern England. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012.

 Firey, Abigail. A New History of Penance. Boston: Brill, 2008.

Strocchia, Sharon T. Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 

 Jurasinski, Stefan. The Old English Penitentials and Anglo-Saxon Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Baird, Joseph L. The Personal Correspondence of Hildegard of Bingen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Amt, Europe. Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Ward, Jennifer. Women in Medieval Europe 1200-1500. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

Larrington, Carolyne. Women and Writing in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Venarde, Bruce L. Women’s Monasticism and Medieval Society: Nunneries in France and England, 890-1215. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018.

Hilton, R. H. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Craig, Taylor. Chivalry and the Ideals of Knighthood in France During the Hundred Years War. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

​

 Peters, Edward. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198-1229: Sources in Translation, Including “The Capture of Damietta” by Oliver of Paderborn. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2011.

Rollo-Koster, Joelle, and Thomas Izbicki. A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). Boston: Brill, 2009.

Burne, Alfred H. The Crecy War: A Military History of the Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to the Peace of Bretigny in 1360. Croydon, England: Frontline Books, 2016.

​

Jotischky, Andrew. Crusading and the Crusader States. London: Routledge, 2013.

​

Dass, Nirmal. The Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalem-Bound Pilgrims: The Earliest Chronicle of the First Crusade. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2011.

​

Migiel, Marilyn. The Ethical Dimension of the Decameron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.

​

Peters, Edward. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Material. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1998.

​

Oman, Charles. The Great Revolt of 1381. Ontario: Batoche, 2001.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. A History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

​

Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay. The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Vol. 1. 3 vols. Boston: Brill, 2005.

———. The Hundred Years War: Different Vistas. Vol. 2. 3 vols. Boston: Brill, 2008.

———. The Hundred Years War: Further Considerations. Vol. 3. 3 vols. Boston: Brill, 2013.

​ ​ ​

Chazan, Robert. In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996.

​

Utterback, Kristine T., and Merrall L. Price. Jews in Medieval Christendom : Slay Them Not. Boston: Brill, 2013. 

Bauerschmidt, Frederick C. Julian Norwich and the Mystical Body Politic of Christ. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

 Barber, Malcolm, and A. K. Bate. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settler in the 12th-13th Centuries. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Jansen, Katherine L., Joanna Drell, and Frances Andrews. Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Nicholson, Helen. On the Margins of Crusading: The Military Orders, the Papacy and the Christian World. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

​

Ambühl, Rémy. Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War: Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

​

Chareyron, Nicole. Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

​

​

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Migiel, Marilyn. A Rhetoric of the Decameron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

​

Cohen, Jeremy. Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusades. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2004.

​

Mitchell, Linda, Katherine French, Douglas Biggs, and Barbara Hanawalt. The Ties That Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.

Hicks, Michael. The Wars of the Roses. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

 Innes-Parker, Catherine, and Naoë  K. Yoshikawa. Anchoritism in the Middle Ages: Texts and Traditions. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2013.

Wenzel, Sigfried. The Art of Preaching: Five Medieval Texts & Translations. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2013.

Bird, Jessalyn, Edward Peters, and James Powell. Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2013.

Alberzoni, Maria Pia. Clare of Assisi and the Poor Sisters in the Thirteenth Century. New York: Franciscan Institute, St. Bonaventure University, 2004.

Magennis, Hugh, and Mary Swan. A Companion To Ælfric. Boston: Brill, 2009.

​

McGuire, Brian P. A Companion to Bernard of Clairvaux. Boston: Brill, 2011.

​

Rollo-Koster, Joelle, and Thomas Izbicki. A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). Boston: Brill, 2009.

Ferzoco, George, Beverly Kienzle, and Debra Stoudt. A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Leiden: Brill, 2013.

Sisson, Keith, and Atria Larson. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution. Boston: Brill, 2016.

​

Jotischky, Andrew. Crusading and the Crusader States. London: Routledge, 2013.

​

Dass, Nirmal. The Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalem-Bound Pilgrims: The Earliest Chronicle of the First Crusade. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2011.

​

Peters, Edward. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Material. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1998.

​

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. A History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

​

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Chazan, Robert. In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996.

​

DeGregorio, Scott. Innovation and Tradition in the Writings of the Venerable Bede. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 2006.

Nieuwenhove, Rik van. An Introduction to Medieval Theology. Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 

Soukup, Pavel. Jan Hus: The Life and Death of a Preacher. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2020.

Utterback, Kristine T., and Merrall L. Price. Jews in Medieval Christendom : Slay Them Not. Boston: Brill, 2013. 

Cooper, Austin. Julian of Norwich: Reflections on Selected Texts. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2002.

Bauerschmidt, Frederick C. Julian Norwich and the Mystical Body Politic of Christ. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

Turner, Denys. Julian of Norwich, Theologian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. 

 Barber, Malcolm, and A. K. Bate. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settler in the 12th-13th Centuries. New York: Routledge, 2016.

McNeill, John T., and Helena M. Gamer. Medieval Handbooks of Penance: A Translation of the Principal Libri Poenitentiales and Selections from Related Documents. New York: Octagon Books, 1965.

​

King’oo, Clare C. Miserere Mei: The Penitential Psalms in Late Medieval and Early Modern England. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012.

​

Firey, Abigail. A New History of Penance. Boston: Brill, 2008.

​

Strocchia, Sharon T. Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 

Jurasinski, Stefan. The Old English Penitentials and Anglo-Saxon Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

​

Nicholson, Helen. On the Margins of Crusading: The Military Orders, the Papacy and the Christian World. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

​

Baird, Joseph L. The Personal Correspondence of Hildegard of Bingen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Chareyron, Nicole. Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

​

Wenzel, Sigfried. Preaching in the Age of Chaucer: Selected Sermons in Translation. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2008.

Hughes-Edwards, Mari. Reading Medieval Anchoritism: Ideology and Spiritual Practices. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012.

​

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Cohen, Jeremy. Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusades. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2004.

​

Bestful, Thomas. Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

Venarde, Bruce L. Women’s Monasticism and Medieval Society: Nunneries in France and England, 890-1215. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018.

 Innes-Parker, Catherine, and Naoë  K. Yoshikawa. Anchoritism in the Middle Ages: Texts and Traditions. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2013.

Tschen-Emmons, James B. Artifacts from Medieval Europe. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, 2015.

​

 Horrox, Rosemary. The Black Death. New York: Manchester University Press, 1994.

 Alberth, John. The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005.

Hilton, R. H. Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. New York: Routledge, 2005.

 Peters, Edward. Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198-1229: Sources in Translation, Including “The Capture of Damietta” by Oliver of Paderborn. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2011.

Migiel, Marilyn. The Ethical Dimension of the Decameron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.

​

 Barber, Malcolm, and A. K. Bate. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settler in the 12th-13th Centuries. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Baird, Joseph L. The Personal Correspondence of Hildegard of Bingen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Hughes-Edwards, Mari. Reading Medieval Anchoritism: Ideology and Spiritual Practices. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012.

​

Migiel, Marilyn. A Rhetoric of the Decameron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

​

Cohen, Jeremy. Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusades. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2004.

​

Mitchell, Linda, Katherine French, Douglas Biggs, and Barbara Hanawalt. The Ties That Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.

Bestful, Thomas. Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

Amt, Europe. Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Ward, Jennifer. Women in Medieval Europe 1200-1500. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

Larrington, Carolyne. Women and Writing in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge, 1995.